Rats come for food, water and shelter. Take those away and close the gaps, and your property becomes a much less attractive place to settle.
A walk round the outside with a torch is a good start. Look for gaps around pipes and cables, damaged air bricks, holes beneath doors and broken vents. Rats can squeeze through a space roughly the width of a finger and will gnaw it wider. Use material they cannot chew: fine metal mesh, cement, metal plates or wire wool packed in with sealant. Foam alone is not enough.
Rats are opportunists. Easy food in the garden can bring them close, and then they look for a way into the house.
Old or damaged drains are a common route for rats into properties. Broken pipes, missing inspection covers and unsealed connections can all provide a way in. If rats keep returning and you cannot find the entrance, it may be worth having the drains checked. A one-way valve or a repair may be recommended, depending on what is found.
Rats like cover. Dense piles of timber, overgrown vegetation, clutter against walls and decking close to the ground give them somewhere to nest. Tidy these areas, lift stored items off the floor and leave a gap between stacked materials and walls. Sheds with solid floors and well-fitting doors are harder for rats to use.
Prevention is not a single job. Check the property regularly, especially in autumn when rats and mice tend to move indoors as it gets colder. Look in lofts and under floors for new droppings. Neighbouring properties matter too, so mention any signs to those next door if the problem could be shared.
Businesses and shared buildings face a few extra points. Bin stores should be kept clean and closed, deliveries checked for gnawing, and doors that open to the outside fitted with brush or rubber seals. Staff should know who to tell if they see droppings, because a quick report is worth more than a perfect system. For commercial sites a monitoring contract with regular visits is often the dependable answer, since it catches problems at the stage when they are small. Keep the same routine going through winter, because rats that find a good source of food in cold weather are less likely to leave. If you share a yard or bin store with neighbours, agree who is responsible for clearing it, since a neglected corner can undo everyone else's effort.
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Removing food and closing entry points. If rats cannot find an easy meal and cannot get in, they are less likely to stay. Neither step is a guarantee, but both reduce the chance of a problem developing considerably. Do both and check regularly.
The evidence for them is poor. Rats seem to get used to the sound, and it does not reach behind walls or into cavities well. They should not replace proofing and tidiness, which give more dependable results. Treat them as a possible extra only.
Not reliably. A cat may catch the odd rat, but it will not clear a colony, and the smell of pet food can attract rats. Relying on a pet is not a substitute for proofing and sensible food storage. A tidy garden and secure bins matter much more.
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